Waste-to-energy (WtE) is a process that converts non-recyclable waste materials into usable forms of energy, such as electricity, heat, or fuel. This process involves the combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, or anaerobic digestion of waste.

Pyrolysis, similar to gasification, but performed in the absence of oxygen, pyrolysis breaks down waste materials into syngas, oils, and char, which can be used for energy production or as raw materials.

Biochar is a stable, carbon-rich material produced by heating organic biomass (such as wood, agricultural residues, or manure) in a low-oxygen environment, a process known as pyrolysis. It has a porous structure and can sequester carbon, improve soil health, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

When instituted as a soil amendment, biochar improves soil health, increases pH levels, and sequesters carbon.In addition, biochar has been shown to combat PFAs, otherwise known as “forever chemicals” due to their slow decomposition. Finally, biochar is a viable method of carbon sequestration and for removing contaminants in water sources. If used on a national scale, Biochar has the potential to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by over 10%.

Biochar helps farmers by improving soil fertility and crop yields, environmentalists by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gasses, waste managers by recycling organic waste and controlling odors, water resource managers by enhancing soil water retention and reducing pollution, and the forestry/biomass industry by utilizing residual biomass. Indirectly, it aids researchers in studying sustainable practices and communities/governments by contributing to climate action and economic development through new industries and job creation.

Biochar positively impacts the atmosphere by sequestering carbon, which reduces the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the air, thereby helping to mitigate climate change. Additionally, biochar can reduce emissions of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), both potent greenhouse gasses, from soils. This combined effect helps lower overall greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, contributing to a healthier environment and more stable climate.